Unraveling ADHD Through Eye-Tracking Procedures: A Scoping Review

Objective: This scoping review aimed to examine the application of eye-tracking technology in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), focusing on the scientific fields involved, methodologies employed, research goals, and outcomes related to its effectiveness. Method: Following PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews, a total of 22 studies using eye-tracking with children diagnosed with ADHD were identified and analyzed. Data were extracted regarding study aims, methodological approaches, disciplinary origins, and key findings. Results: The majority of studies originated from neuroscience and psychiatry, with contributions from artificial intelligence, machine learning, virtual reality, and biomedical engineering. Eye-tracking technology was used for three main purposes: (1) identification and diagnosis of ADHD, (2) investigation of cognitive and behavioral mechanisms—particularly attention and inhibitory control, and (3) as an intervention tool to improve cognitive functions. Findings indicated that eye-tracking, especially when integrated with virtual reality or machine learning, may support efficient ADHD diagnosis. Moreover, studies reported that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with attention deficits, inhibitory control issues, impaired working memory, and challenges in emotional and social processing. Interventions using eye-tracking demonstrated potential in training attention control and motor coordination. Conclusion: Eye-tracking technology holds promise as both a diagnostic and interventional tool for children with ADHD. Future research should address methodological limitations, explore long-term effectiveness, and further investigate multimodal integration with emerging technologies.