Microfluidic Study on Green Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Contamination in Heterogeneous Groundwater Systems Using Dihydrolevoclucosenone (Cyrene)

One of the primary challenges in conventional remediation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in groundwater is the heterogeneous nature of the groundwater system. Conventional remediation agents are often carried away by groundwater flow in high-permeability layers, making it difficult to access NAPL contaminants in low-permeability layers and are prone to generate secondary contamination. This study explores the use of dihydrolevoclucosenone (Cyrene), a bioderived green solvent, as an alternative to traditional remediating agents for NAPL remediation. Through microfluidic experiments and accompanying numerical modeling, we demonstrate that Cyrene enhances the dissolution and mobilization of NAPL contaminants, particularly in low-permeability zones, achieving residual NAPL reductions of up to 80% compared with water and Tween 80 solutions. These findings underscore Cyrene's dual environmental benefits as an eco-friendly solvent for both treating solid waste (e.g., stalks) and for NAPL remediation, paving the way for sustainable and green solutions in environmental management.