Riboflavin Deficiency Associated With Psoriasis: Insights From Population and Transcriptome

ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by oxidative stress in the epidermis. Riboflavin (vitamin B2), an essential vitamin with antioxidant properties, may play a role in modulating this condition. Using data from three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we analysed 13 825 U.S. citizens, including 409 (2.96%) cases of psoriasis. A fully adjusted weighted logistic regression model revealed that psoriasis was associated with decreased riboflavin intake: for each natural‐log unit increase in riboflavin intake, the risk of psoriasis decreased by an average of 16% (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73–0.96). This association was particularly significant among middle‐aged and elderly people (> 40 years). Transcriptome analysis of data series GSE41662 and GSE121212 demonstrated upregulation of riboflavin metabolising genes (SLC52A2, SLC52A3, RFK, FLAD1 and SLC25A32) in psoriatic lesional skin. In an in vitro psoriatic keratinocyte model, riboflavin reduction induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, ROS response and delayed keratinisation. These findings indicate that psoriasis is significantly associated with decreased riboflavin intake, and riboflavin metabolism is activated in psoriasis. The protective effect of riboflavin on psoriasis merits further attention.