Suspension stability of aluminum-based adjuvants

potential, surface free energy (SFE) and hydrophobicity. Notably, the commercial adjuvant Alhydrogel® exhibited low suspension stability compared to our synthesized AlOOH nanoparticles, a result attributed to its high SFE. Furthermore, under specific formulation conditions, aluminum-based adjuvants with enhanced suspension stability improved the suspension stability of their corresponding adjuvant-antigen complexes. This study provides a foundation for optimizing the suspension stability of aluminum-based adjuvants and offers valuable insights for their rational design and transportation in vaccine development.