Opportunities and Challenges of Microalgal Strain Development via Atmospheric and Room‐Temperature Plasma (ARTP)

Enhancing microalgal strains for biofuels and bioproducts often relies on genetic modification, raising concerns over regulatory and public acceptance. As a non-GMO alternative, atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis has emerged as a promising tool for strain development. This review explores ARTP potential, starting with operational principles and key parameters. Special emphasis is placed on lethality control and optimized screening conditions. Several widely-studied strains are covered, including Desmodesmus sp., Haematococcus lacustris, and Chlorella sorokiniana. Discussion then shifts into the microscopic world to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs), tracing CO₂ assimilation and metabolic pathways that drive accelerated growth. Four key areas are assessed in detail, spanning from photosynthetic carbon fixation, central carbon metabolism, alongside lipid and pigment biosynthesis. Major challenges are laid bare, from genetic stability all the way to reproducibility. Addressing challenges is essential to fully harness ARTP for microalgal biotechnology and extended application in sustainability.