Mechanisms and immune crosstalk of neutrophil extracellular traps in response to infection

ABSTRACT Neutrophil extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis provides immune defense against extracellular bacteria. It has been observed that bacteria are capable of activating neutrophils to release NETs that subsequently kill them or at least prevent their local spread within host tissue. However, existing studies have mainly focused on the isolated function of NETs, with less attention given to their anti-bacterial mechanisms through interactions with other immune cell populations. The net effect of these complex intercellular interactions, which may act additively, synergistically, or antagonistically, is a critical determinant in the outcomes of host–pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying classic NET formation and their crosstalk with the immune system, offering novel insights aimed at balancing the anti-microbial function with their potential inflammatory risks.