Intracranial hemorrhage in a large cohort of patients supported with veno-venous ECMO. A retrospective single-center analysis

Background Intracranial bleeding (ICB) is a serious complication during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO), with potentially fatal consequences. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, time of detection of ICB among patients treated with V-V ECMO and potential risk factors for developing ICB during V-V ECMO. Methods Five hundred fifty six patients were included in this retrospective single center analysis. Results Median time on V-V ECMO was 9 (IQR 6-15) days. Intracranial bleeding during V-V ECMO was detected in 10.9% of all patients (61 patients with ICB). Only 17 patients with ICB presented obvious clinical symptoms. Intracranial bleeding was detected on cerebral imaging in median after 5 days (IQR 1-14) after starting V-V ECMO. Overall survival to hospital discharge was 63.7% (ICB: 29.5%). Risk factors of ICB before starting V-V ECMO in univariable analysis were platelets <100/nl (OR: 3.82), creatinine >1.5mg/dl (OR: 1.98), norepinephrine >2.5mg/h (OR: 2.5), ASAT >80U/L (OR: 1.86), blood-urea >100mg/dl (OR: 1.81) and LDH >550u/L (OR: 2.07). Factors associated with cannulation were rapid decrease in paCO 2 >35mmHg (OR: 2.56) and rapid decrease in norepinephrine >1mg/h (OR: 2.53). Multivariable analysis revealed low platelets, high paCO 2 before ECMO, and rapid drop in paCO 2 after V-V ECMO initiation as significant risk factors for ICB. Conclusion The results emphasize that ICB is a frequent complication during V-V ECMO. Many bleedings were incidental findings, therefore screening for ICB is advisable. The univariate risk factors reflect the underlying disease severity, coagulation disorders and peri-cannulation factors, and may help to identify patients at risk.