HIF ‐1α inhibition in macrophages preserves acute liver failure by reducing IL ‐1β production

The development of acute liver failure (ALF) is dependent on its local inducer. Inflammation is a high-frequency and critical factor that accelerates hepatocyte death and liver failure. In response to injury stress, the expression of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in macrophages is promoted by both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms, thus promoting the expression and secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β further induces hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis by signaling through the receptor (IL-1R) on hepatocyte. HIF-1α knockout in macrophages or IL-1R knockout in hepatocytes protects against liver failure. However, whether HIF-1α inhibition in macrophages has a protective role in ALF is unclear. In this study, we revealed that the small molecule HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 inhibits the expression and secretion of IL-1β, but not tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). PX-478 pretreatment alleviates liver injury in LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF mice by decreasing the hepatic inflammatory response. In addition, preventive or therapeutic administration of PX-478 combined with TNFα neutralizing antibody markedly improved LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF. Taken together, our data suggest that PX-478 administration leads to HIF-1α inhibition and decreased IL-1β secretion in macrophages, which represents a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammation-induced ALF.