Patient positioning on the operating table and patient safety: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Aim To identify occurrence of harmful incidents related to patient positioning on operating table. Design Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data Sources Eight databases including Ovid, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were systematically searched from the inception of the databases to August 2023. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses flow diagram depicting the flow information. Review Methods The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools were used to assess the risk of bias. Risk of harm with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated for each included study, and an overall risk was calculated using meta‐analysis. Results Of the 22 included reports, two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), five had a prospective cohort design, three had a cross‐sectional design, and 12 were register‐based studies. Intraoperative peripheral nerve injuries, perioperative pressure ulcers, musculoskeletal injuries, vascular injuries, postoperative pain and eye injuries were related to supine, lithotomy, Trendelenburg, prone and beach chair positioning. Overall risk of any harm was estimated as 0.2%. Studies with patients placed in prone positioning (8 study samples) had the highest risks of harm varying from 0.19 to 0.81, with an overall risk of 0.33. Meta‐analysis of the two RCTs showed higher risk of chemosis with head‐down positioning than with head in neutral position (overall relative risk = 1.64; 95% CI: [1.25, 2.14]). Conclusions Harmful incidents related to patient positioning occur and consequences can be severe. The operating room teams should be aware of the harms and prevent and treat them seriously. Impact This review underlines that research is sparse on patient positioning on operating table and harmful incidents. There is a need for high‐quality, well‐designed studies that focus on harmful incidents and prevention of harm related to patient positioning. Patient or Public Contribution No patient or public contribution, as this is a review of previous research.