Nanobody engineering for enhanced-sensitivity rapid COVID-19 tests

= 0.9874) compared to existing antibody-based rapid tests, achieving results within 15 minutes and demonstrating strong discriminative power for clinical samples. Moreover, our nb-GNPs-based strip demonstrated high specificity, distinguishing COVID-19 from other respiratory viruses with similar symptoms. Our nanobody-based LFIA exhibited excellent sensitivity and accuracy without the need for additional reagents or target amplification steps. This LFIA approach can serve as an effective alternative to conventional antibody-based LFIAs and play a crucial role in ongoing SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and preparedness for future pandemics.