Sustainable perovskite light emitters

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) that use lead (Pb)-based perovskites are promising candidates for the next generation of lighting and display technologies. However, concerns about the toxicity of Pb have delayed their progress toward commercialisation. From this viewpoint, we compare Pb-based, low-Pb and Pb-free perovskite systems, with a focus on toxicity and environmental impact. By calculating the amount of lead in different perovskite systems, we find that Pb-based and low-Pb perovskites have relatively low toxicity that meets the restriction of hazardous substances directive standards. We then highlight the strengths and challenges of each material system and further propose a path for sustainable commercialisation focusing on environmental, social, and governance considerations, along with a development roadmap and strategies for perovskite materials and their devices.