Decoding Organelle Interactions: Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms and Disease Therapies

Organelles, substructures in the cytoplasm with specific morphological structures and functions, interact with each other via membrane fusion, membrane transport, and protein interactions, collectively termed organelle interaction. Organelle interaction is a complex biological process involving the interaction and regulation of several organelles, including the interaction between mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi, mitochondria-lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum-peroxisomes. This interaction enables intracellular substance transport, metabolism, and signal transmission, and is closely related to the occurrence, development, and treatment of many diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases. Herein, the mechanisms and regulation of organelle interactions are reviewed, which are critical for understanding basic principles of cell biology and disease development mechanisms. The findings will help to facilitate the development of novel strategies for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment opportunities.