Estimated prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in patients undergoing coronary artery or valvular surgeries/procedures: A systematic review and proportional meta-analysis

The aging population has led to an increasing number of older patients undergoing cardiac surgeries/procedures. Frailty and prefrailty have emerged as important prognostic indicators among these patients. This proportional meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We searched seven electronic databases for observational studies that used validated measure(s) of frailty and reported prevalence data on frailty and/or prefrailty in older patients undergoing coronary artery or valvular surgeries or transcatheter procedures. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. One hundred and one articles involving 626,863 patients were included. The pooled prevalence rates of frailty and prefrailty were 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23%–33%) and 40% (95% CI: 31%–50%), respectively, for patients scheduled for open-heart surgeries and 40% (95% CI: 36%–45%) and 43% (95% CI: 34%–53%), respectively, for patients undergoing transcatheter procedures. Frailty measured using a multidimensional approach identified a higher proportion of frail patients when compared with measures solely focused on physical frailty. Older age, female sex, and lower body mass index and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly associated with higher frailty prevalence. Moreover, countries with higher gross domestic product spent on healthcare exhibited a higher frailty prevalence. Frailty represents a considerable health challenge among patients undergoing cardiac surgeries/procedures. Routine screening for frailty should be considered during perioperative care planning.