Engineering battery architectures for multifunctionality and high performance

Next-generation batteries demand architectural innovations that overcome the design limits of electrochemistry alone in conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This review summarizes architectural design strategies for LIBs and emerging battery systems, classifying them into 1D fiber-based, 2D planar, and 3D architectures. 1D designs, such as coaxial fibers, twisted assemblies, and winding configurations, offer flexibility and mechanical resilience for wearable and microscale batteries. 2D architectures, including interdigitated, pillar-based, and mesh frameworks, are reviewed alongside deformable (serpentine and origami/kirigami) and nature-inspired (e.g., accordion-like) geometries that enhance stretchability and flexibility while preserving electrochemical performance. 3D structural batteries, focused on volumetric design and energy densification, are examined for their potential to combine mechanical resilience with electrochemical functionality. Each architectural class is assessed for its design principles, performance trade-offs, and fabrication feasibility. By correlating architectural designs with advancements in additive manufacturing, this review outlines pathways to address electro-chemo-mechanical coupling challenges and guide the development of next-generation architected batteries.