3D-printed hollow microneedle-based electrochemical sensor for wireless glucose monitoring

resin 3D printing with an affordable desktop 3D printer and featuring a single-atom nanozyme-modified electrode, offering high sensitivity and superior selectivity for glucose monitoring. This minimally invasive electrochemical sensor demonstrates the capability to extract artificial interstitial fluid using hollow microneedles and a finger-activated pump, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic glucose concentration changes. This electrochemical sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, with a linear range of 0.1 μM to 50 mM and a limit of detection of 0.285 μM, attributed to the incorporation of single-atom nanozymes with peroxidase-like enzymatic activity. The glucose concentration data are wirelessly transmitted to a smartphone application in real time, offering user-friendly access and facilitating remote monitoring. The described electrochemical sensor presents the possibilities for point-of-care health monitoring applications.