Cyclodextrin-based deep eutectic solvent-constructed chitosan eutectogel for therapeutic delivery of glabridin in diabetic wound management

, with the mechanism of action linked to disruption of bacterial cell membrane integrity. In an infected diabetic wound model, the GLD/CS/DES gel significantly accelerated wound healing, achieving a wound closure rate of 94.3% by day 21. Mechanistic studies revealed that the GLD/CS/DES gel ameliorated the immune microenvironment, promoted angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and facilitating macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the reparative M2 phenotype. In summary, the GLD/CS/DES gel developed in this study integrates antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic functions, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of infected diabetic wounds.