This chapter contains sections titled: What is Hydraulic Fracturing? Why Hydraulic Fracturing is Important Fracture Characterization Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Environmental Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Seismicity Case Study: Fracturing Induced Seismicity in California Assessment of Global Oil and Gas Resources Amenable for Extraction via Hydraulic Fracturing Economics of HF Conclusions Acknowledgement