Temperature-controlled slot-die coating for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Currently, the main challenge in the field of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is to transform lab-scale into industry-related processes for commercialization; however, most of the scalable fabrication has employed many processing treatments, which are incompatible with large-scale mass production. Hence, for the purpose of simple and useful scaled-perovskite film processing, the hot slot-die coating method is presented. This technique releases a hot solution through a hot slot-die head and deposits it onto a hot substrate. The temperature-controlled head and bed can have a significant impact on the perovskite morphology and device performance, and at optimal processing temperatures (head: 75 °C, bed 150 °C), the hot slot-die device shows a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.05% without other processing treatments. In addition, the optimum condition was employed to fabricate the scaled device, having a comparable PCE of 14.61%, which comes close to the cell efficiency prepared by the spin-coating method. This hot slot-die coating approach can provide a simple and useful way to fabricate the perovskite film to achieve highly efficient and reliable PSCs and acceptable potential for industrial uses.