Life satisfaction and athletic identity among Olympic para-alpine skiers: a survey

The objective of this study was to examine life satisfaction and athletic identity among para-alpine skiers and explore their associations with sociodemographic, sports practice, and disability-related characteristics of the participants. The respondents to the on-site survey were 129 para-alpine ski racers with acquired disability from 33 countries on all five continents who competed in the Paralympic games in Sochi (aged 16–53 years, mean and median 30 years, 100 men). Two self-developed assessment instruments were used – a 7-point Likert-type life-satisfaction questionnaire probing seven domains (health, family, education, freedom, friends, travelling, and self) and the Athletic Identity Scale (AIS; possible score range 17–85). The independence between life-satisfaction items was confirmed by low interitem correlations (largest absolute value <0.25, 15 of 21, and <0.15). The estimated internal-consistency reliability (Guttman lambda-2) of AIS was 0.65. The reported life satisfaction was very high (median of 6 for all domains except education, where it was 5). Like life-satisfaction ratings, the AIS scores were also very high on average (mean and median score 81). In general, the level of life satisfaction and athletic identity were not notably associated with sociodemographic, sports practice, and disability characteristics of the participants. The likely reason is high average and, hence, low variability of life-satisfaction ratings, as well as imperfect metric characteristics of the AIS. Nonetheless, the overall findings encourage further research into factors that drive the participation of disabled athletes in (winter) Paralympic games and the possible role of the rehabilitation process in this regard.