Nanoscaled LiMn2O4 for Extended Cycling Stability in the 3 V Plateau

Extending the potential window toward the 3 V plateau below the typically used range could boost the effective capacity of LiMn2O4 spinel cathodes. This usually leads to an “overdischarge” of the cathode, which can cause severe material damage due to manganese dissolution into the electrolyte and a critical volume expansion (induced by Jahn–Teller distortions). As those factors determine the stability and cycling lifetime for all-solid-state batteries, the operational window of LiMn2O4 is usually limited to 3.5–4.5 V versus Li/Li+ in common battery cells. However, it has been reported that nano-shaped particles and thin films can potentially mitigate these detrimental effects. We demonstrate here that porous LiMn2O4 thin-film cathodes with a certain level of off-stoichiometry show improved cycling stability for the extended cycling range of 2.0–4.5 V versus Li/Li+. We argue through operando spectroscopic ellipsometry that the origin of this stability lies in the surprisingly small volume change in the layer during lithiation.