DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Usefulness of genetic testing of fine-needle aspirations for diagnosis of thyroid cancer

Genetic testing is increasingly used to diagnose or rule out thyroid cancer in indeterminate fine-needle aspirations. This review evaluates the usefulness of these methods with considerations of advantages and limitations.Given the diagnostic problem associated with the increasing incidental detection of indeterminate thyroid nodules in the context of thyroid cancer overtreatment, we consider the conditions and respective necessary settings for the role of genetic testing to improve presurgical malignancy risk stratification.We review diagnostic pathway requirements and commercially available molecular tests with their respective advantages and disadvantages and discuss the prerequisites required for local application and implementation including quality assurance for local ultrasound and cytopathology practices.Recent improvements in available molecular diagnostic tests have brought high sensitivity and specificity in initial validation studies, but whether these promising results translate to other clinical settings depends on the quality of the local thyroid nodule diagnostic pathway.Genetic testing can meaningfully improve presurgical malignancy risk assessment, but more work is needed to implement and use genetic testing effectively in local settings.