Comparison of effect and complication among three different spinal endoscopic procedures for L4–5 rostrally migrated lumbar disc herniations: a 2-year retrospective cohort study

PETD, PEID, and UBED demonstrated comparable and satisfactory long-term efficacy in treating rostrally migrated L4-5 LDH over a 2-year follow-up period. PEID emerged as the preferred approach for early postoperative recovery, offering superior preservation of L4-5 facet joint integrity and reduced surgical invasiveness.