NIR-II Photocatalytic-Triggered Pyroptosis via Built-In Electric Field-Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Au–Cu 2 O Nanodumbbells

-mediated Fenton-like reactions, thereby maintaining ROS generation even under hypoxic conditions. The elevated ROS levels efficiently activate pyroptotic signaling pathways, leading to cell membrane rupture and pro-inflammatory immune responses in tumor cells. Combined with NIR-II photoacoustic (PA) imaging, this theranostic system enables spatiotemporally precise and hypoxia-tolerant cancer therapy with minimal off-target toxicity.