Microplastics and plant health: a comprehensive review of sources, distribution, toxicity, and remediation

The exponential rise in plastic production—expected to exceed 34 million metric tons annually by 2050—has led to the widespread distribution of microplastics—plastic particles under 5 mm—in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This review synthesizes the origins, transport mechanisms, distribution, and environmental impacts of Microplastics, focusing on plant health. Microplastics infiltrate soil from sources like agricultural films, sewage sludge, textiles, and cosmetics, altering soil structure and nutrient dynamics. Plants absorb Microplastics via roots and leaves, which translocate to stems, leaves, and edible tissues, posing risks to food security and human health. Exposure to Microplastics induces oxidative stress, genotoxicity, cytological abnormalities, and disrupts vital physiological processes, including photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Microplastics also alter gene expression, suppress plant defence mechanisms, and act as vectors for heavy metals and pathogens, exacerbating ecological and agricultural damage. The review also highlights emerging analytical techniques and remediation methods to detect and mitigate Microplastics pollution, emphasizing the need for urgent strategic interventions.