Comparison of CD30L and OX40L Reveals CD30L as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Atopic Dermatitis

Blocking IL-13 is highly efficacious in patients with Th2-biased atopic dermatitis (AD), and recent clinical data have highlighted that targeting the T cell costimulatory molecules OX40 and OX40L (TNFSF4) holds promise for future treatment of AD. We asked whether targeting another T cell costimulatory molecule, CD30L (TNFSF8), might also be a possible treatment option in AD. Single-cell RNA-seq data from human AD skin lesions was analyzed to identify pathogenic IL-13- or IL-22-producing T cells and assess expression of CD30 and its ligand in comparison to OX40 and its ligand. Additionally, a murine model of AD with repetitive exposure to house dust mite allergen was used to compare neutralizing antibodies against CD30L with those against IL-13 or OX40L. Analysis of several scRNA-seq datasets from skin lesions of AD patients showed that transcripts for CD30 or CD30L were found expressed with OX40 or OX40L in the primary T cell populations that also expressed mRNA for IL13 and/or IL22. Suggesting that this could be therapeutically relevant, mice treated prophylactically with a blocking CD30L antibody were protected from developing maximal allergen-induced AD features, including epidermal and dermal thickening, immune cell infiltration, and expression of AD-related genes, similar to mice treated with a blocking IL-13 antibody. Moreover, therapeutic neutralization of CD30L in mice with experimental AD also reduced all of the pathological skin lesion features to a comparable extent as blocking OX40L. These data suggest that targeting the CD30-CD30L axis might hold promise as a future therapeutic intervention in human AD, similar to targeting the OX40-OX40L axis.