Prevalence and Predictors of Thirst in Patients With Heart Failure

BACKGROUND: Thirst is among the most unpleasant symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF). Intense thirst can lead to uncontrolled fluid intake, resulting in congestion and frequent readmissions. Many predictors of thirst were identified, but little research addressed its association with salt intake. OBJECTIVE: The aims were to describe the prevalence and characteristics of thirst in patients with HF, examine its association with salt intake, and identify its predictors. METHODS: Using a descriptive correlational design, 100 patients with New York Heart Association classes I, II, and III HF were interviewed about thirst, salt-related behaviors, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Demographic and clinical information were extracted from medical records. Descriptive statistics as well as bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Most participants were male and married, with university education and a mean age of 66.7 ± 13.2 years. The mean thirst intensity score was 3.81 ± 2.17 (out of 10), and its prevalence was 93%. The mean thirst distress score was 23.58 ± 7.66 (out of 40); 68% reported moderate or strong distress. Patients prescribed salt restriction had lower thirst intensity (3.60 vs 5.70, P = .003) than their counterparts and thirst distress (22.78 vs 27.50, P = .062) that approached significance. Salt restriction; use of statins, antidepressants, and any renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blocker; and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score predicted thirst intensity. Female sex as well as use of any RAAS blocker and antidepressants predicted thirst distress. CONCLUSIONS: Thirst was prevalent, distressing, and predicted by salt restriction, use of any RAAS blocker, and depression. Assessing thirst and relieving it are recommended.