Phytomedicine meets nanotechnology: A cellular approach to rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition causing synovitis, joint dysfunction, and tissue deterioration. This review highlights the pathophysiology of RA, including the involvement of cellular components, cytokines, and oxidative stress, and discusses the increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks for RA patients. It also explores the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in RA progression. Current treatments like Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMRDs), biological DMARDs, and (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) NASAIDs along with emerging nanomedicine strategies, are examined. The article emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing drug delivery, aiming to improve treatment efficacy and safety for RA. This comprehensive review provides insight into complexity of RA and the promising future of nanomedicine in its management. • Immune cells like T cells, B cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts drive RA inflammation and joint destruction. • Conventional RA therapies (DMARDs, biologics) face limitations like partial responses, resistance, and side effects. • New targeted therapies, including JAK inhibitors, personalize RA treatment by targeting specific pathways and cytokines. • Nanotechnology and biomaterials enhance drug delivery, improving efficacy while reducing side effects in RA treatment. • Future RA research focuses on new biomarkers, early diagnosis, and combination therapies for better disease management.