Advancements and challenges in anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: a comprehensive review

While sodium sources are abundant and reasonably priced, Na-ion batteries are being considered as a viable replacement for Li-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage systems. Considerable international effort is being directed into the development of high-performance electrode materials for Na-ion batteries, which are crucial to their growth. This study presents a comprehensive overview of anode materials for Na-ion batteries, including the most recent advancements in Na-storage methods. graphite-based carbon materials, hard carbon-based materials, nanostructured titanium-based materials, chalcogen-based materials, alloy-based materials, and other anodes (metal oxides, sulfides, and organic materials). Review also describes the Na-storage processes and electrochemical properties of different anode materials.