Triboelectric wearable devices for accelerated wound healing

Electrical stimulation (ES), as a non-pharmacological physical stimulation, has been widely used in clinical treatment due to its ability to promote cell proliferation and tissue repair. Wearable devices based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is a novel self-powered system, can generate high power density and biocompatible ES, showing great healing effects in ex vivo and in vivo wound therapy. Here, a review of emerging triboelectric wearable devices for accelerated wound healing is presented. First, types, properties and selection principles of the prepared materials are specifically discussed. Then, structure and mechanism of triboelectric wearable healing devices are discussed focusing on the vertical contact-separation structure, single-electrode structure, lateral sliding structure and freestanding triboelectric-layer structure, while comparing the advantages of different structures, suitable ES actuation modes, and targeted wound types. Notably, combination treatment methods were summarized, including negative pressure wound therapy, photothermal therapy, drug delivery system and wound monitoring system. Next, therapeutic effects of triboelectric wearable healing device is described in detail, including elimination of wound bacterial infection, promotion of cell proliferation and migration, and enhancement of transdermal drug delivery. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of triboelectric wearable healing devices are discussed in depth. This review provides guidance for the design of triboelectric wearable healing devices, which will facilitate the further development of personalized wearable accelerated wound therapy.