Refining Criteria for a Neurodevelopmental Subphenotype of Bipolar Disorders: A FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise for Bipolar Disorders Study

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Neurodevelopmental factors were suggested to contribute to the etiology of BD, yet a specific neurodevelopmental phenotype of the disorder remains unidentified. Our objective was to define and characterize a neurodevelopmental phenotype (NDP) in BD and validate its associations with clinical outcomes, polygenic risk scores (PGS), and treatment responses.