Ultrastretchable, Ultralow Hysteresis, High-Toughness Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Pressure Recognition with Deep Learning

Hydrogel, as a promising material for a wide range of applications, has demonstrated considerable potential for use in flexible wearable devices and engineering technologies. However, simultaneously realizing the ultrastretchability, low hysteresis, and high toughness of hydrogels is still a great challenge. Here, we present a dual physically cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM)/sodium hyaluronate (HA)/montmorillonite (MMT) hydrogel. The introduction of HA increases the degree of chain entanglement, and the addition of MMT acts as a stress dissipation center and cross-linking agent, resulting in a hydrogel with high toughness and low hysteretic properties. This hydrogel synthesized by a simple strategy exhibited ultrahigh stretchability (3165%), high breaking stress (228 kPa), high toughness (4.149 MJ/m³), and ultralow hysteresis (≈2% at 100% of strain). The fabricated hydrogel flexible strain sensors possessed fast response and recovery times (62.5:75 ms), a wide strain detection range (2000%), a strain detection limit of 1%, and excellent cycling stability over 500 cycles. Furthermore, the hydrogel flexible strain sensor can be used for human motion monitoring, gesture recognition, and pressure recognition assisted by deep learning algorithms, showing enormous promise for applications.