Modulating reward and aversion: Insights into addiction from the paraventricular nucleus

Abstract Background Drug addiction, characterized by compulsive drug use and high relapse rates, arises from complex interactions between reward and aversion systems in the brain. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN), located in the anterior hypothalamus, serves as a neuroendocrine center and is a key component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Objective This review aimed to explore how the PVN impacts reward and aversion in drug addiction through stress responses and emotional regulation and to evaluate the potential of PVN as a therapeutic target for drug addiction. Methods We review the current literature, focusing on three main neuron types in the PVN—corticotropin‐releasing factor, oxytocin, and arginine vasopressin neurons—as well as other related neurons, to understand their roles in modulating addiction. Results Existing studies highlight the PVN as a key mediator in addiction, playing a dual role in reward and aversion systems. These findings are crucial for understanding addiction mechanisms and developing targeted therapies. Conclusion The role of PVN in stress response and emotional regulation suggests its potential as a therapeutic target in drug addiction, offering new insights for addiction treatment.