Platinum intermetallic nanoparticle cathode catalysts for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells: Synthesis and ordering effect

Improving the cost-effectiveness of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells by using platinum (Pt) alloy nanoparticles as cathode catalysts is a clear direction. To further enhance the performance and durability of alloy catalysts, tailoring disordered structures into ordered intermetallic structures has been a research focus in recent years. This mini-review summarizes the current theoretical understanding of the formation mechanism of intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts and recent advancements in synthesis methods that allow for better size and composition control. With a review of controversies surrounding the ordering effect of intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts, we further highlight the critical significance of ordered structures in developing advanced alloy catalysts.