Dynamic Semiconductor Interface for Scalable Photoelectrochemical Synthesis of Chlorine Disinfectants from Natural Seawater

. The resulting disinfectant exhibits broad-spectrum bactericidal efficacy, including 99.99% inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus within 24 h. This work establishes a scalable photoelectrode design for the direct, energy-efficient and selective production of valuable active chlorine from seawater.