Measurement-device-independent semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on hyper-entangled Bell states

Abstract To address the dual challenges of scarce quantum resources and measurement device vulnerabilities in practical quantum dialogue (QD) protocols, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent semi-quantum dialogue (MDI-SQD) protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. Employing a dual-degree-of-freedom encoding strategy, the protocol enables both parties to simultaneously encode secret messages and authentication information across their respective degrees of freedom, achieving identity verification and message transmission in a single round. To counter side-channel attacks, the protocol further incorporates a MDI framework, delegating critical measurement steps to untrusted third parties to effectively safeguard protocol security. Theoretical analysis demonstrates robust resistance to attacks. Performance evaluations reveal communication efficiency reaching 75%, significantly outperforming existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols.