Porphyromonas gingivalis indirectly elicits intestinal inflammation by altering the gut microbiota and disrupting epithelial barrier function through IL9‐producing CD4 + T cells

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that inflammatory bowel disease is associated with periodontal disease. The oral-gut microbiota axis is a potential mechanism intersecting the two diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is currently considered a keystone oral pathogen involved in periodontal disease pathogenesis and disease progression. Recent studies have shown that oral ingestion of P. gingivalis leads to intestinal inflammation. However, the molecular underpinnings of P. gingivalis-mediated gut inflammation have remained elusive. In this study, we show that the oral administration of P. gingivalis indeed leads to ileal inflammation and alteration in gut microbiota with significant reduction in bacterial alpha diversity despite the absence of P. gingivalis in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Utilizing an antibiotic-conditioned mouse model, cecal microbiota transfer experiments were performed to demonstrate that P. gingivalis-induced dysbiotic gut microbiota is sufficient to reproduce gut pathology. Furthermore, we observed a significant expansion in small intestinal lamina propria IL9⁺ CD4⁺ T cells, which was negatively correlated with both bacterial and fungal alpha diversity, signifying that P. gingivalis-mediated intestinal inflammation may be due to the subsequent loss of gut microbial diversity. Finally, we detected changes in gene expression related to gut epithelial barrier function, showing the potential downstream effect of intestinal IL9⁺ CD4⁺ T-cell induction. This study for the first time showed the mechanism behind P. gingivalis-mediated intestinal inflammation where P. gingivalis indirectly induces intestinal IL9⁺ CD4⁺ T cells and inflammation by altering the gut microbiota. Understanding the mechanism of P. gingivalis-mediated intestinal inflammation may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate the morbidity from inflammatory bowel disease patients with periodontal disease.