Programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in PD‐1 inhibitor‐associated colitis and its mimics

Abstract Aims Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised the treatment of advanced malignancies by boosting immune‐mediated destruction of neoplastic cells, but are associated with side effects stemming from generalised immune system activation against normal tissues. Checkpoint ligand expression in non‐tumoral cells of tissues affected by immune‐related adverse effects has been described in ICI‐associated hypophysitis, myocarditis, and acute interstitial nephritis. We aimed to investigate the tissue expression of the immune checkpoint receptor programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligand, programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), in PD‐1 inhibitor‐associated colitis (PD1i colitis). Methods and results PD‐1 and PD‐L1 immunohistochemical expression levels were analysed in 15 cases of PD1i colitis and potential mimics—infectious colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Increased epithelial expression of PD‐L1 was observed in PD1i colitis as compared with normal colon and infectious colitis, but the expression level was lower than that in IBD. Conversely, PD‐1 expression in inflammatory cells was higher in infectious colitis, intermediate in IBD, and minimal or absent in normal colon and in patients receiving PD‐1 inhibitors. Conclusions Although our results do not justify the use of PD‐L1 as a discriminatory marker of PD1i colitis against other entities within the differential diagnosis, they support the concept that PD1i colitis and IBD have similar pathogenetic mechanisms. They also highlight the fact that PD‐L1 epithelial overexpression is a commonly used mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa to protect itself from inflammatory‐mediated damage resulting from different aetiologies, which probably underpins the high incidence of gastrointestinal immune‐related adverse effects in patients receiving ICI therapies, in whom this mechanism is disrupted.