Universal Surface Passivation of Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Films by Tetraoctylammonium Chloride for High-Performance and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells has been showing rapid improvement in the last decade. However, still, there is an unarguable performance deficit compared with the Schockley–Queisser (SQ) limit. One of the major causes for such performance discrepancy is surface and grain boundary defects. They are a source of nonradiative recombination in the devices that not only causes performance loss but also instability of the solar cells. In this study, we employed a direct postsurface passivation strategy at mild temperatures to modify perovskite layer defects using tetraoctylammonium chloride (TOAC). The passivated perovskite layers have demonstrated extraordinary improvement in photoluminescence and charge carrier lifetimes compared to their control counterparts in both Cs 0.05 (FAPbI 3 ) 0.83 (MAPbBr 3 ) 0.17 and MAPbI 3 -type perovskite layers. The investigation on electron-only and hole-only devices after TOAC treatment revealed suppressed electron and hole trap density of states. The electrochemical study demonstrated that TOAC treatment improved the charge recombination resistance of the perovskite layers and reduced the charge accumulation on the surface of perovskite films. As a result, perovskite solar cells prepared by TOAC treatment showed a champion PCE of 21.24% for the Cs 0.05 (FAPbI 3 ) 0.83 (MAPbBr 3 ) 0.17 -based device compared to 19.58% without passivation. Likewise, the PCE of MAPbI 3 improved from 18.09 to 19.27% with TOAC treatment. The long-term stability of TOAC-passivated perovskite Cs 0.05 (FAPbI 3 ) 0.83 (MAPbBr 3 ) 0.17 devices has retained over 97% of its initial performance after 720 h in air.