State-of-the-art research and development status of sodium batteries

Sodium-sulfur batteries,sodium-nickel chloride batteries and sodium-air batteries are collectively called sodium batteries.These batteries use metallic sodium as the anode material and realize electrochemical processes through the transportation of sodium ions and electrons.This paper reviews the research and development status of various sodium batteries,including their structures,working principles,electrochemical properties,and major problems they are confronting.Finally,remarks are made on the further developments of sodium batteries.