Theoretical Analysis and Development of Multilayered Ecofriendly Sb2S3‐Based Solar Cell Using SCAPS‐1D Framework

Herein, FTO/TiO 2 /Sb 2 S 3 /Au solar cell characteristics via SCAPS‐1D modeling are examined. The research begins with device modeling of the Sb 2 S 3 conventional solar cell based on experimental data, which results in excellent agreement with the power conversion efficiency recorded in the literature of ≈4.72%. The influence of several factors on the characteristics of conventional solar cells is then investigated, including Sb 2 S 3 thickness, carrier concentration, bulk and interface defects, and buffer layer type (TiO 2 , WS 2 , and CdS). An optimal efficiency of 9.97%, open‐circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 0.96 V, short‐circuit current ( J sc ) of 19.69%, and fill factor (FF) of 52.26% are found for the FTO/WS 2 /Sb 2 S 3 /Au optimized solar cell. Finally, the influence of NiO as the back surface field and parasitic resistance ( R s and R sh ) on the performance of Sb 2 S 3 solar cells is investigated. The innovative solar cell design (FTO/WS 2 /Sb 2 S 3 /NiO/Au) with NiO thickness of 20 nm, R s < 2 Ω cm −2 , and R sh > 700 Ω cm −2 yields a high efficiency of more than 14.38%, FF > 68.93%, V oc > 1 V, and J sc > 20.67 mA cm −2 . These qualities allow for the large‐scale manufacture of a solar cell by including it in a manufacturing workflow.