Deciphering Temperature‐Governed Processes of Lithium‐Mars Gas Batteries

Abstract Lithium‐Mars gas batteries (LMGBs) have great potential for Mars exploration due to their in situ resource advantage, yet require robust wide‐temperature performance support. However, understanding the temperature‐governed (TG) mechanism of LMGBs is challenging because of the complexity of multi‐pathway carbon conversion and solid–liquid interface evolution. Herein, the mysteries of the TG mechanism are deciphered, establishing a link between these microscopic behaviors and macroscopic electrochemical performance. The reaction interface properties are significantly shaped by the asymmetric competition between two‐electron and four‐electron processes. Further, the energetic reaction conversion of “carbon monoxide” and “singlet oxygen” simulates high‐efficiency lithium carbonate decomposition, based on which an adaptive charging protocol is presented. It is revealed that removing the overrated amorphous carbon is the crux of solid–liquid interface revitalization and the battery performance breakthrough by a synergy of visualized observation and phase‐modeling quantification. A conservative two‐fold performance enhancement is achieved through the mastery of intelligent TG methodology. This work fills the knowledge of the temperature‐governed mechanism to advance next‐generation LMGBs, greatly accelerating their militarization to Mars exploration.