A literature review on the role of artificial intelligence–based chatbots in patient education in colorectal surgery

Artificial intelligence-based chatbots are becoming increasingly used in patient education, in the realm of colorectal diseases. Perhaps, not surprisingly, concerns about the appropriateness of chatbot answers have been raised by healthcare professionals. Numerous studies have explored the utility and accuracy of chatbots in providing information in several clinical disciplines. This review aimed to summarize the findings of published studies, highlighting the strengths and limitations of chatbots used in medical education for colorectal surgery. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed and Scopus in February 2025 for original articles evaluating artificial intelligence-based chatbots in patient education related to colorectal surgery, categorizing them into 3 groups: colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other colorectal conditions. We identified 15 studies, 9 assessed chatbot utility in patient education in colorectal cancer, 4 assessed their utility in inflammatory bowel diseases, 1 involved benign anal conditions, and another involved intestinal stomas. Our findings indicated that chatbots, particularly ChatGPT, can improve patient education by providing accessible information on common questions. However, we also identified several limitations of the ability of chatbots to address complex medical issues which underscored that these tools may complement rather than replace professional medical guidance. Chatbots may be useful for patient education related to simple and basic information, but not in complex and patient-specific settings. Future research should focus on refining chatbot algorithms to enhance the accuracy and depth of their responses, ensuring they effectively support patient education while maintaining the crucial role of healthcare providers.