Effects of Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Individuals With Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis

Cognitive function is critical for disease self-management; however, it is poorer in individuals with heart failure (HF) than in age-matched people who are healthy. Aging and disease progression collectively threaten the cognitive function of individuals with HF. Exercise has been shown to improve the mobility and mortality risk factors of this population, but the effects of exercise on the cognitive function of individuals with HF are unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to examine these potential effects.A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and ClinicalKey on literature published until January 2022. Studies examining the effects of exercise training on cognitive function in individuals with HF were included. Characteristics of participants and details of interventions were extracted. Effects of exercise training on global cognitive function, attention, and executive function were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.Six studies were included. Individuals with chronic HF were examined in most studies. The average ejection fraction of participants was 23 to 46%. Aerobic exercise was used in most studies. All included studies had exercise frequency of 2 to 3 times per week and a duration of 30 to 60 minutes per session for 12 to 18 weeks. Compared with the control group, exercise training benefited the global cognitive function of individuals with HF and cognitive impairments (standardized mean difference = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.01-0.87). The attention of individuals with HF improved after exercise training compared with that before the intervention.Exercise may improve cognitive function in individuals with HF and cognitive impairments. However, due to large heterogeneity in the study design, more studies are needed to support clinical application.These findings should raise clinicians' awareness about the role of exercise on the cognitive function of individuals with HF, in addition to benefits in physical domains.