Real‐Time Monitoring and Early Warning of a Cytokine Storm In Vivo Using a Wearable Noninvasive Skin Microneedle Patch

Abstract A cytokine storm may be the last attack of various diseases, such as sepsis, cancer, and coronavirus disease 2019, that can be life threatening. Real‐time monitoring of cytokines in vivo is helpful for assessing the immune status of patients and providing an early warning of a cytokine storm. In this study, a functional carbon nanotube biointerface‐based wearable microneedle patches for real‐time monitoring of a cytokine storm in vivo via electrochemical analysis are reported. This wearable system has sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.54 pg mL −1 , high specificity, and 5 days of stability with a coefficient of variation of 4.0%. The system also has a quick response of several hours (1–4 h) to increasing cytokines. This wearable microneedle patch may offer a promising route for real‐time biomolecule wearables construction. The patch is also the first reported integrated capture and monitoring system that is capable of real‐time measurement of protein markers in interstitial fluid.