SnowPappus v1.0, a blowing-snow model for large-scale applications of Crocus snow scheme

Abstract. Wind-induced snow transport has a strong influence on snow spatial variability especially at spatial scales between 1 and 500 m in alpine environments. Thus, the evolution of snow modelling systems towards 100–500 m resolutions requires representing this process. We developed SnowPappus, a parsimonious blowing snow model coupled to the Crocus state-of-the-art snow model, able to be operated over large domains and entire snow seasons. SnowPappus simulates blowing snow occurrence, horizontal transport flux and sublimation rate on each grid cell as a function of 2D atmospheric forcing and snow surface properties. Then, it computes a mass balance using an upwind scheme to provide eroded or accumulated snow amounts to Crocus. Parameterizations used to represent the different processes are described in detail and discussed against existing literature. A point-scale evaluation of blowing snow fluxes was conducted, mainly at the Col du Lac Blanc observatory in French Alps. Blowing snow occurrence evaluation showed SnowPappus performs as well as a currently operational scheme. Evaluation of the simulated suspension fluxes highlighted a strong sensitivity to the suspended particles terminal fall speed. Proper calibrations allows the model to reproduce the correct order of magnitude of the mass flux in the suspension layer. Numerical performances of gridded simulations of Crocus coupled with SnowPappus were assessed, showing the feasibility of using it for operational snow forecast at the scale of the entire French Alps.