Urine volatile organic compounds in predicting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk in a national observational study

: association between urine VOCs and an increased risk of COPD was found in the NHANES data. Inflammatory factors play an important role in the association of urine VOCs and COPD. In addition, urine VOCs could be useful in predicting COPD risk. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and clinical application values underlying the association between urine VOCs and COPD.