Spatial–temporal heterogeneity and driving factors of resource allocation efficiency in regular higher education in China

As the cornerstone of higher education system, RHE plays a critical role in talent cultivation and societal advancement. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving factors of resource allocation efficiency in RHE from 2018 to 2022, analyzing both regional and inter-provincial dimensions. We employ DEA and the Malmquist Index to assess efficiency levels from static and dynamic perspectives, respectively. Notably, this research pioneers the application of Geographic Detector in the field of higher education resource allocation efficiency, enabling the identification of core driving factors behind efficiency's spatial heterogeneity and their interactive effects. The findings indicate that RHE exhibits relatively high and continuously growing resource allocation efficiency, albeit with a significant and stable spatial differentiation pattern. The TFP of resource allocation in RHE shows an upward trend, primarily attributable to technological advancements. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of efficiency is driven by the synergistic action of multiple factors, with the strongest synergy observed between the university and social environment. The governmental, particularly during specific periods, exerts a significant macro-regulatory influence. We recommend that the Chinese government formulate differentiated development policies tailored to regions with varying resource efficiency levels. Encouraging RHEIs to integrate cutting-edge digital technologies into their core management systems is also crucial. Emphasis should be placed on fostering reasonable synergy among universities, society, and the government, with local governments creating a conducive environment for scientific and technological innovation to align RHE with local economic development and industrial demands.