Climate risk and renewable energy resource orchestration: Mapping interaction role of gender and foreign diversity

Renewable energy, recognized as a crucial instrument for mitigating the climate risk challenges during acute crisis periods, has been characterized as a complex conundrum within contemporary literature. By operationalizing climate risk through the analytical lenses of IPAT paradigm, present study advances the literature on green energy solutions. Firstly, we empirically examine the influence of climate-induced risk on the production patterns, consumption strategies, and procurement dimensions of renewable energy. Utilizing annualized data from 450 S&P 1500 firms (N = 5400), study employed dynamic GMM and difference-in-differences (DID) modeling to rigorously estimate the proposed hypotheses. Potential endogeneity was systematically addressed through the implementation of the dynamic GMM. The empirical evidence demonstrates that climate change risk potentially amplifies both the generation and consumption of renewable energy within U.S. firms. Gender diversity constitutes a pivotal determinant in reinforcing the impact of climate risk on renewable energy utilization, and consumption patterns. However, foreign board representation unable to moderate the link between climate risk and renewable energy procurement. Resource dependence considerations further suggest that firms internalize renewable energy production to enhance long-term energy security, and resilience, while bidirectional causality indicates the self-reinforcing climate–energy adaptation cycle.