Microgravity as a platform for cancer progression studies and stem-cell-based therapeutic innovation

Abstract Microgravity research has revealed significant alterations in cancer and stem cell biology with direct implications for therapeutic development. Cancer cells exposed to real or simulated microgravity undergo cytoskeletal disorganization, reduced adhesion, and spontaneous three-dimensional spheroid formation that closely mirrors in vivo tumor microenvironments, including hypoxia and drug resistance. These tumor models provide physiologically relevant systems for studying metastasis, therapeutic sensitivity, and tumor–stroma interactions. Simultaneously, microgravity modulates stem cell behavior, enhancing self-renewal, delaying differentiation, and improving secretory and immunomodulatory profiles. Stem cells cultured under microgravity conditions show modulated secretory and immunomodulatory profiles, including changes in regenerative and anti-inflammatory factors, which may influence tumor microenvironments and hold promise to support anti-tumor responses. Additionally, microgravity enables scaffold-free tissue modeling and reduces reliance on animal models in preclinical studies. Taken together, microgravity emerges as a powerful platform for developing stem-cell-based cancer therapies, enabling exosome engineering, secretome optimization, and immune effector generation. The integration of cancer and stem cell research in microgravity thus provides a translational framework for next-generation strategies in precision oncology and regenerative medicine.