Platinum Crosslinked Carbon Dot@TiO2−x p‐n Junctions for Relapse‐Free Sonodynamic Tumor Eradication via High‐Yield ROS and GSH Depletion

Sonodynamic therapy as a promising noninvasive modality is being developed for tumor therapy, but there is a lack of next-generation sonosensitizers that can generate full ROS at high yields and simultaneously deplete elevated levels of glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells. Semiconductor p-n junctions are engineered as high-efficacy sonosensitizers for sonodynamic tumor eradication using pyridine N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) as a p-type semiconductor and oxygen-deficient TiO_2-x nanosheets as a n-type semiconductor. The rate constants of ¹ O₂ and •OH generation by ultrasound-excited N-CD@TiO_2-x p-n junctions are 4.3 and 4.5 times higher than those of TiO₂ , respectively. A Z-scheme carrier migration mechanism in the p-n junction achieving the rapid spatial separation of the ultrasound-generated electron-hole pairs for enhanced full ROS production is proposed. GSH-cleavable, Pt-crosslinked, N-doped CD fluorescent probes to detect the presence of intracellular GSH are also constructed. A GSH-responsive, p-n junction platform (Pt/N-CD@TiO_2-x ) with integrated GSH detection, GSH depletion, and enhanced sonodynamic performance is then assembled. Malignant tumors are completely eradicated without relapse via intravenous administration of low-dose Pt/N-CD@TiO_2-x under ultrasound irradiation. This work substantiates the great potential of biocompatible, GSH-responsive p-n junctions as next-generation sonosensitizers via p-n junction-enhanced ROS generation and metal ion oxidation of intracellular GSH.